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--- mise jour : 28/06/16 site web du c.e.r.b.i. c entre d' e tude et de r echerche sur la b ipdie i nitiale c.e.r.b.i. official web site site miroir interactif du cerbi : http://cerbi.ldi5.com/ archives de la revue bipedia archives of the journal bipedia archiv vom magazin bipedia récentisme: mise au point pour tout savoir sur le catastrophisme au moyen age livre de m. franois de sarre : o est donc pass le moyen-age ? l'invention de l're chrtienne lire sur ce site gratuitement. nouveaux romans d'anticipation de m. franois de sarre : les hritiers de lankh la croisee des mondes dans l'abime du temps lire sur ce site gratuitement. la theorie de la bipedie initiale sur l'volution des animaux vertbrs le pass aquatique de l'homme die theorie der ursprünglichen zweifüssigkeit ein phylogenetisches modell zur entwicklungsgeschichte des menschen, der säuger und der übrigen wirbeltiere reconstructing the archetype: initial bipedalism as a realistic model for vertebrate evolution the marine-mammal phase in human evolution the marine homonculus hypothesis the archetype from which the other vertebrates have evolved dehumanization as an evolutive progress epilogue version francaise resumee references liens éditée par le c entre d e tudes et de r echerches sur la b ipédie i nitiale (nice, france) bipedia n 18, janvier 2000 pour cause de dmnagement et de changement de matriel informatique. -- --- menu de la revue du c.e.r.b.i. : bipedia groupe d'etude de la bipedie originelle -- reconstructing the archetype : initial bipedalism as a realistic model for vertebrate evolution introduction: most of the scientists lean toward the point of view that humans are the result of some rapid evolutionary changes from a rather recent quadrupedal ape-like ancestor.yet, in the xxth century different researchers expressed individual opinions aboutthe origins of man and the evolution of the mammals, dissenting from the current cliché of a reptilian tetrapod ancestry. the german anatomist max westenhöfer (1926), the dutch obstetrician klaas de snow (1937), and the belgian zoologist serge frechkop, were the main proponents of the theory of initial bipedalism, in the first half of the xxth century. quadrupedalism is indeed not foreseen in the primitive mammalian disposition;therefore it developed itself (like also in the reptiles) as specialization in food occurred, while remodelling teeth, jaws and skull. thus, the big-headed embryo of the quadrupedal mammals still shows an organization superior to that will be achieved in adult age, passing through the stage of a biped (with potentially increasing brain capacities!), at the beginning of its in utero growth. as the french-belgian zoologist bernard heuvelmans emphasized (1954), the encephalon is compressed in quadrupedal mammals between snout and vertebral column, and consequently does not preserve a shape and a relative volume, like in the foetal stages. the head is then carried in a way that demands re-adapting of the whole skeletton, and supporting of the body by the forelimbs. as a matter of fact, the today quadrupeds were initially, but transitorily, bipedal in the course of evolution. man, as far as concerned, has retained the embryonic disposition. he remained an upright biped thanks to his well preserved archaic big brain! thus, the different types of fossil or contemporary (so-called relic) hominians and ape-men, appear to be forms which evolved from our direct ancestry, progressing parallel to the humans, and at the same time branching out (dehumanization, i.e: loss of traits that characterize the homo sapiens). most of them kept the bipedal gait, although quadrupedalism turned out to be a best adapted feature for them, especially if they lived in forest. therefore: plantigrade foot, vertebrae and legbone disposition are hindering a faster evolution of the hominians, up to a four-footed stage that seems more convenient for them! evolution never goes backward (law of dollo). so the french palaeontologist yvette deloison (1999) claimed in a recent article that: << it becomes obvious that the ancestor of the australopithecines, apes and man, had hand and foot without specialization: the primitive hand of man induces that his ancestor was neither arboreal nor quadrupedal, he was bipedal >>. the aim of the now following article is to summarize what we mean under the global name of initial bipedalism. it begins with the explanation of mans big brain inherited from a former marine creature, and continues with the signification of dehumanization, as an evolutive progress. menu the marine-mammal phase in human evolution we humans are fundamentally the same creature which once lived and left the oceans by entering the land. was man more aquatic in the past? asked biologist alister hardy in 1960. thus, an ancestral ape that waded in shallow water could not have fitted for making a human, as hardy suggested! apes are indeed tree-living primates with high specialized features: foot as a lower hand, insert of the vertebral column at the back of the skull, and knuckle-walking on ground which reflects increasing quadrupedal habits. this is the evolutive level obtained by the monkeys of the old world (catarhinia) and of the new world (platyrhinia). alister hardys aquatic ape theory is actually dealing with a phantom (de sarre 1997). the large globular brain of man is not an indication for simian ancestry... as a matter of fact, it is a real primitive (plesiomorphic) feature that once developed in a marine creature, a long time before the first arborical primates (apes and monkeys) ever existed! from an embryological point of view, indeed, the brain comes before the skull (brain-pan). that is what makes very unlikely that the big head of the homo sapiens is the result of some swelling process in a simian brain (that is confined in a rigid bony superstructure!), in the horizontal prolongation of the (quadrupedal) body axis... it does not suit for both a tree-dwelling ape (= current theories in anthropology), nor for alister hardys hypothetical marine ape! nevertheless, a former aquatic phase in mammalian evolution really accounts for our being a big-brained biped. at this time, first terrestrial mammals once made the decisive steps towards a conquest of the land. and they already did walk on their two feet, like we! at early stages of their embryonic development, the quadrupedal animals possess the same big head as people do, and they also present the typical bending of the skull basis, like in adult men [fig. 1]. the quadrupedal mammals are then potentially biped, but they afterwards carry on developing beyond the point where the human embryo has become complete... they continue to grow into four-legged animals, winged birds or apodal (= without legs) whales... fig. 1: bending of the skull basis (after bolk 1926) above: (left) original bending in mammalian embryo (right) bending of the skull basis in adult men below: dogs horizontal deck the study of the human morphology must consequently be carried back to a very early stage in the vertebrate lineage, i.e. the time of the passage from an original full aquatic life (marine homonculus) to a terrestrial existence. the globular form of the human brain -and of the skull- represents the final evolution of an ancient sea-creatures floating organ resembling the umbrella of a jelly-fish. such a configuration could only develop naturally in water! from a scholastic point of view, what we call evolution does not have to follow any aim: we humans got consequently our very remarkable features, such as the globular skull and the big encephalon, in a simple way, just like a sea-creature, indeed, did it whilst developing a sustenance organ in water (that evidently only could have got a round shape!). so the globular brain precedes any form of skull or cranian structure among the lineages of vertebrate animals that followed the
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